LIBRARY TRANSFORMER
CONTEST OF ANATOMICAL DRAWINGS AND POSTERS
Jahirul Amin
from the book "Anatomy for Artists: A Visual Guide to Drawing the Human Body"
history
that is, long before the period of writing (this is evident from rock paintings of the cave man). Primitive hunters had already known about the location of vital organs (heart, liver).
The Greeks also admired the human body but had to limit theirs the practice of dissection of animals, because the use of humans was soon banned. Oddly enough, this has given rise to many bizarre theories.
Talented doctors pay great attantion to manage knowledge of human anatomy.
ancient Greek philosopher, follower of Platon
DURING THIS PERIOD (CA. 460-370 B.C.E.), HIPPOCRATES, KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF MEDICINE, DEVELOPED THE HIPPOCRATES OATH, A COMMITMENT TO THE HONEST PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, WHICH DOCTORS STILL USE TODAY.
During the times of the Roman Empire, teaching and practical work of Galen were very important and they dominated
His experience included treating the wounds of gladiators and working as a personal physician for many emperors. He performed autopsies on animals, in particular pigs and macaques. Based on this he derived ideas that are still alive today, for example, formation urine in the kidneys and work of the peripheral
And if during the Galen`s time, medical and scientific illustration was naive and inaccurate, which, by the way, did not prevent his works from being in demand for more than 1,300 years, then starting with Andreas Vesalius, it began to turn into a discipline and an important tool in the training and activities of doctors and scientists.
The great period of development fell on the Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci
Contribution of the great Italian scientist and artist
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519).
in the development of science about the structure of the human body is difficult to overestimate. He ignored the authorities, realizing the sterility of medieval scholasticism.
He who argues by reference to authority does not use his reason, but rather his memory
Italian scientist and artist
THE RENAISSANCE ERA
studied anatomy for 30 years. He was one of the first to begin dissecting human corpses and became a real innovator in the study of body structure.
B
ased on the results of his research, sixty notebooks were filled and more than 500 drawings were created. He was the first to create a scientifically based drawing of a fetus. Morover, his skills led him to an understanding the mechanics of human movement and what we now call biomechanics.In his drawings, Leonardo da Vinci achieved extraordinary accuracy in the depiction of various organs of the human body, thanks to which he made a significant contribution to the development of anatomy, and also became the founder of plastic artistic anatomy.
If anyone can be considered the father of modern anatomy, it is certainly Vesalius.
I was extremely interested in medicine, especially human anatomy. I wanted to understand everything about the inner universe that makes us who we are. Brain, lungs, bones, muscles, heart... I don't know why this science of life captured my imagination. Maybe that's how I ran away from reality…
Quote from the movie "Victor Frankenstein"
The one who solved the mystery of blood circulation
In the 17th century, the work of William Harvey (1578–1657) "Anatomical studies of the movement of the heart and blood in animals" (Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus) solved the mystery of blood circulation, which Vesalius did not manage.
Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697–1770)
Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697–1770) in Tabulae Sceleti et Musculorum Corporis Humani (Tables of the Skeleton and Muscles of the Human Body) increased scientific accuracy by using techniques used to illustrate the dissected body.
The ribs are the closed elliptical orbits of the planets, with foci in the sternum, the white center of the image. The lungs are the grayish shadows of the Milky Way against the black lead screen of the sky. The dark contours of the heart are a cloud of ash from a burnt sun. The nebulous hyperbolas of the viscera are lonely asteroids, wanderers of the universe, random cosmic dust.
Peter Hög, from the book "Smilla and her sense of snow"
19th century: Grey's Anatomy
the textbook "Grey's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical Theory" was published.
It happened in 1858 in Great Britain. Co-authors of the book and illustrations were anatomists Henry Gray and Henry Windyke Carter. Henry Gray died of smallpox three years later at the age of 34, but his atlas has survived numerous editions in the UK and the US, and now continues to be published as a mobile app. Some editions are freely available on the Internet.
The founder of topographical anatomy
Mykola Pirogov
.Mykola Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881) takes one of the prominent places in the glorious galaxy of outstanding scientists of world and domestic science. An outstanding anatomist, doctor, virtuoso surgeon, brilliant scientist-experimenter has entered the history of the world science forever.
In search of an effective teaching method, the surgeon decided to apply anatomical studies on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called it "ice anatomy." This is how a new medical discipline was born - topographic anatomy.After a few years of this study anatomy, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled "Topographic anatomy’’ illustrated dissections carried out through the frozen human bodies in three directions", which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. "Anatome topographica" is a large atlas containing 970 drawings depicting cross-sections of various regions of the frozen human body. Explanations in Latin are attached to the atlas, accounting to 796 pages of dense text. From this moment, surgeons got the opportunity to make surgeries, causing minimal injuries to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis of all further development of operative surgery.
which, it would seem, was supposed to solve all problems with the realism of images, including anatomical ones.
However, after its appearance, medical illustration not only did not come to nothing, but on the contrary began to develop even more actively. This is primarily due to the fact that the artist can create a much more understandable scheme or illustration, in which he will place the accents in the right way, paying attention to the main parts and avoiding the minor ones.
Michelangelo of medicine
American surgeon and artist Frank Netter was a very prominent figure in medical illustration of the 20th century.
Frank was born in Manhattan in 1906 and showed an interest in the arts from an early age and even in high school he made illustrations for newspapers and magazines, but his parents insisted that the young man start a career in medicine. Netter had to combine the two professions during the Great Depression in the United States, when medical practice turned out to be a low-demand and low-profit business. Subsequently, Netter collaborated with the most famous and largest publishing houses and created about 4,000 anatomical illustrations. |
Atlas of Pernkopf
The author of the atlas is Eduard Pernkopf was a professor of anatomy, held the position of rector of the University of Vienna for some time. But he was a Nazi as well as four of his assistant illustrators - Erich Lepierre, Ludwig Schrott, Karl Endtresser and Franz Batken. Skin, muscles, ligaments, nerves, organs and bones are depicted in extremely detailed and believable manner in it. Pernkopf demanded from the illustrators that everything looked as realistic as possible. The only slight deviation from the truth of life is the colors, which are brighter and more contrasting than in real life, because that way it was easier for the reader of the atlas to navigate in it. An interesting discovery was made by Dr. Howard Israel from Columbia University. By comparing the illustrations, in which the dismembered corpses were depicted with photographic accuracy on pictures from the Gestapo archives, Israel determined that almost all the people immortalized in the atlas illustrations were prisoners of concentration camps and died a very similar violent death - their heads were cut off. This terrible discovery explained the high accuracy of atlases - Pernkopf sacrificed hundreds of lives to his ambitions. Most likely, the people who became "models" for death illustrators would have died one way or another, but this fact does not make Pernkopf's crimes any less heinous. |
Devil! And why did God arrange the human body in this way?
Quote from the series "Doctor House"
Sinelnikov
Rafael Davydovych
Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, head of the Department of Human Anatomy of the Kharkiv Medical Institute Rafail Davydovich Synelnikov (1937-1971), a student and a follower of academician V. P. Vorobyov, made a significant contribution to the promotion and further development of macro-microscopic anatomy, enriched it with perfect methods by creating new sections.
His scientific works were included in modern textbooks and manuals on human anatomy.
The work of R.D. Synelnikov's entire life became the publication of an educational and scientific work - "Atlas of Human Anatomy". This book is the most popular among medical students not only in Ukraine, but also in other countries and has been translated into many European languages.
